Morfina peridural en la operación cesárea. Peridural morphine in cesarean section
Abstract
Los opioides son las drogas más eficaces y frecuentemente utilizadas para el alivio del dolor postoperatorio. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia de la administración de morfina peridural como método analgésico en las pacientes cesáreadas, realizamos el siguiente ensayo clínico prospectivo y aleatorio a 200 pacientes con condiciones físicas ASA I y II distribuidos en cuatro grupos de 50 cada uno, en el Hospital Universitario "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" de Pinar del Río en el período comprendido de enero del 2001 y enero del 2004. A todas se les administró por vía peridural Lidocaína al 2 % según recomienda Morgan y Barash, al grupo I solo se le administró el anestésico local antes mencionado sin opiáceos; a los restantes grupos II, III y IV se le añadió 1 mg, 2mg y 3mg de morfina respectivamente. Posterior al procesamiento de los datos resultó haberse logrado una excelente analgesia en el 100% de las pacientes de los grupos III y IV. En el grupo IV se obtuvo la mayor incidencia de cambios hemodinámicos p<0.05 y de efectos indeseables en la madre p< 0.01, sin embargo no se encontró depresión neonatal en ninguno de los grupos. La dosis de analgesia sistémica o de rescate analgésico solo fueron necesarias en los grupos I y II, 55.6% y 44.4% respectivamente. El método utilizado en el grupo III fue el de mejores resultados al brindar una excelente analgesia con mínimos cambios hemodinámicos y efectos indeseados.
Palabras clave: MORFINA, CESAREA, DOLOR.
ABSTRACT
Opioids are the most effective and frequently used drugs to relieve postoperative pain. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of administration of peridural morphine as an analgesic method in patients undergong cesarean section, the following prospective and ramdomized clinical trial was carried out with 200 patients with physical conditions ASA I y II distributed in four groups of 50 each, at Abel Santamaria Cuadrado Provincial Clicnical Teaching Hospital in Pinar del Rio from January, 2001 to January, 2004. All patients were given 2 % Lidocaine peridurally, according to recommendations by Morgan and Barash. Group I was only given the above mentioned local anesthesic without opiates. The other groups, II, III and IV were given the same anesthesic but with an addition of 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg morphine, respectively. After processing data an excellent analgesia was achieved in 100 % patients in groups III and IV. Group IV showed the highest incidence of hemodynamic changes (p < 0.05) and undesirable effects in mothers (p < 0.01); however, neonatal depression was not found in any groups. Doses of systemic analgesia or analgesic recovery were only necessary in groups I and II, 56.6 % and 44.4 %, respectively. The method used in group III showed best results providing for an excellent analgesia with minimal hemodynamic changes and undesirable effects.
Key words: MORPHINE. CAESAREAN SECTION, PAIN.
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