Reabsorción Radicular Inducida por Ortodoncia: Factores de Riesgo
Keywords:
Reabsorción Radicular; Tratamiento Ortodóntico; Movimiento DentalAbstract
Introducción: la reabsorción radicular externa apical es una pérdida irreversible de la porción apical de la raíz dental, que puede ser fisiológica o patológica. En ortodoncia, se conoce como reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia, un proceso que ocurre debido a las fuerzas mecánicas aplicadas durante el tratamiento, lo que induce una respuesta inflamatoria.
Objetivo: analizar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia en el tratamiento ortodóntico y sus características.
Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos como PubMed, Scopus y Scielo con palabras clave relacionadas con biomarcadores, reabsorción radicular, tratamiento ortodóntico y movimiento dental. Tras evaluar 297 artículos, se incluyeron 16 estudios, como revisiones, metaanálisis, estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos, siguiendo el esquema PRISMA.
Desarrollo: los estudios seleccionados identificaron varios factores asociados a la reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia, incluyendo el tipo de fuerzas aplicadas, predominantemente la intrusión, la duración del tratamiento, el tipo de aparato ortodóntico, la ubicación del diente, y la predisposición genética. También se encontró que los dientes tratados endodónticamente y aquellos con trauma previo tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia.
Conclusión: la reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia es una complicación ortodóntica multifactorial, influenciada por factores biomecánicos, biológicos y genéticos. La personalización del tratamiento, considerando las características individuales del paciente, y una vigilancia constante, son claves para reducir el riesgo de reabsorción radicular inflamatoria inducida por ortodoncia y mejorar los resultados del tratamiento ortodóntico a largo plazo.
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