Advances in Cataract Surgery: Critical Evaluation of Contemporary Techniques (2020–2025)
Keywords:
CATARATA; LENTES INTRAOCULARES; BIOMETRÍA.; CATARACT; LENSES, INTRAOCULAR; BIOMETRY.; CATARATA; LENTES INTRAOCULARES; BIOMETRIA.Abstract
Introduction: cataract surgery has evolved from a rehabilitative procedure to a high-precision refractive intervention.
Objective: to describe advances in cataract surgery, evaluating techniques, technological innovations, clinical impact, and accessibility.
Methods: a descriptive and critical literature review was conducted on cataracts and their clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic implications. The search was carried out between January and June 2025 in international biomedical databases. Descriptors related to the subject were used, and articles were selected according to relevance and timeliness.
Results: next-generation optical biometry significantly improves the accuracy of intraocular lens calculations, reducing refractive errors compared to ultrasound biometry, especially in complex eyes. However, its effectiveness is limited in opaque corneas, and its high cost restricts access in low-income countries, perpetuating inequalities. Strategies such as tele-biometry, artificial intelligence algorithms, and third-generation formulas offer more affordable alternatives, while manual small-incision surgery remains an effective and economical option in underserved settings. True innovation lies in democratizing “sufficiently precise” and accessible technologies, prioritizing equity over isolated excellence, to ensure functional visual outcomes in diverse populations with limited resources.
Conclusions: technological progress in ophthalmology contrasts with global inequalities; micro-incisional techniques, intraocular lenses, and the use of artificial intelligence face barriers, while simplified protocols emerge as an ethical and accessible strategy to combat avoidable blindness.
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