Comparative evaluation of restorative materials for class II cavities in posterior teeth: a critical review
Keywords:
MATERIALES DENTALES; ODONTOLOGÍA BASADA EN LA EVIDENCIA; PREPARACIÓN DE LA CAVIDAD DENTAL; RESTAURACIÓN DENTAL PERMANENTE., DENTAL MATERIALS; EVIDENCE-BASED DENTISTRY; DENTAL CAVITY PREPARATION; DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT., MATERIAIS DENTÁRIOS; ODONTOLOGIA BASEADA EM EVIDÊNCIAS; PREPARO DA CAVIDADE DENTÁRIA; RESTAURAÇÃO DENTÁRIA PERMANENTE.Abstract
Introduction: class II cavities in posterior teeth represent a clinical challenge due to their anatomical complexity and high functional demands.
Objective: to analyze the restorative materials used in Class II cavities, evaluating strength, aesthetics, and durability.
Methods: a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted across various databases. The search was performed using an algorithm with keywords and Boolean operators, allowing the identification of relevant sources. The selected studies, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, were critically analyzed considering timeliness, methodological quality, and thematic relevance, and were integrated into the final synthesis of the review.
Development: silver amalgam showed high mechanical strength and durability, although limited by its aesthetics and the potential toxicity of mercury. Composite resins offer excellent appearance and adhesion, with success rates close to 90 % at ten years, although they present risks of shrinkage and wear. Glass ionomers stand out for releasing fluoride and preventing secondary caries, but their strength is insufficient for definitive restorations. Ceramics, such as lithium disilicate and zirconia, combine superior aesthetics and high strength, although their cost and complex technique limit their use. Advances in bulk-fill resins and hybrid combinations have improved clinical efficiency and reduced microleakage.
Conclusions: the choice of restorative material must consider clinical, functional, and aesthetic factors. Although ceramics meet most excellence criteria, composite resins and modified ionomers remain valid alternatives depending on the clinical context and patient needs.
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