Case study on COVID-19 infection in patients with pre-existing respiratory diseases
Keywords:
COVID-19; ENFERMEDADES RESPIRATORIAS; INFORMES DE CASOS; PRONÓSTICO.; COVID-19; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES; CASE REPORTS; PROGNOSIS.; COVID-19; DOENÇAS RESPIRATÓRIAS; RELATOS DE CASOS; PROGNÓSTICO.Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 infection in patients with chronic respiratory diseases represents a clinical challenge, increasing symptom severity and the risk of complications.
Objective: to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 in patients with a history of chronic respiratory diseases, considering clinical evolution and complications.
Methods: a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted across different databases, using an algorithm with keywords and Boolean operators to identify relevant sources. The selected studies, after applying rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, were critically assessed for timeliness, methodological quality, and thematic relevance, and coherently integrated into the final synthesis of the review.
Development: the mean age was 57,3 years, with relevant medical history present in 64 % of cases. The most frequent symptoms were fever (71 %), dyspnea (57 %), and dry cough (36 %). Twelve patients developed complications, mainly respiratory failure and the need for mechanical ventilation. Biochemical parameters showed anemia in some cases, elevated C-reactive protein and D-dimer, as well as high ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Treatment included antibiotics, antivirals, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and thoracic drainage, with admission to intensive care in more than half of the patients. Mortality was higher among those requiring prolonged ventilatory support.
Conclusions: Patients with pre-existing respiratory diseases present greater vulnerability to COVID-19, with a high frequency of complications and mortality. Early identification and comprehensive management are essential to improve prognosis and reduce pressure on healthcare systems.
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